{"id":1448,"date":"2018-12-13T07:22:31","date_gmt":"2018-12-13T07:22:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/projects.itforchange.net\/e-vaw\/?p=1448"},"modified":"2019-08-13T07:35:16","modified_gmt":"2019-08-13T07:35:16","slug":"masculinity-femininity-equality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/projects.itforchange.net\/e-vaw\/2018\/12\/13\/masculinity-femininity-equality\/","title":{"rendered":"Masculinity, Femininity, Equality \u2013 Gender Scripts in the Lives of the Born Digital"},"content":{"rendered":"

Authors:\u00a0 Anita Gurumurthy and Amrita Vasudevan<\/em><\/p>\n

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This blog is part of the series \u2018Righting Gender Wrongs\u2019 and is based on feminist reflections on the life of women and men in the glocal digital public sphere in 3 Indian states, Kerala<\/a>, Karnataka<\/a> and Tamil Nadu.<\/em><\/p>\n

In our study on the prevalence of gender-based cyber violence in Karnataka, IT for Change had the opportunity to hold focus groups discussions in Bengaluru and Mysuru with college students between the ages of 19-23. At each site, there was one all-male focus group and one all-female focus group. In this blog, voices from the groups have been juxtaposed to produce the gendered vignettes that characterize what it means for women and men to be \u2018born digital\u2019 \u2013 a term that Palfrey and Gasser<\/a> use to capture the sociological portrait of a generation that is both \u201cextraordinarily sophisticated and strangely narrow.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Theme 1: \u2018Its just a joke da1<\/a>\u2019<\/em> \u2013 Of memes and masculinity<\/strong><\/p>\n

Male voice: \u201cTake for example if I mock or make sarcastic jokes of my friend. If it is a boy, then it is okay, but the moment I tell it to a woman, they say you\u2019re abusing her, you\u2019re dominating her. What is there to dominate in sarcasm? Anyone can be sarcastic, right? Women\u2019s empowerment means equality. Men and women should be equal. So if I make a non-veg joke2<\/a>\u00a0about my guy friend, that\u2019s ok; so, if I make a non-veg joke about a girl, that should be ok. Otherwise it is unfair… hypocritical.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Female voice: \u201cThey (men) never mean to say anything of that sort, but, they get very unnecessary memes sometimes, and we just laugh it off. We know what our personal opinions are about things, and they don\u2019t intend to say such things.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Female voice: \u201cThey term me as a feminist. But the term feminist is so conflicting now. It just gives a negative notion because that\u2019s how people have made it now. But the meaning of feminism is just equality and not putting men down.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

We discussed the circulation of memes online by male students. A powerful artifact of social commentary that is often presented as humor, the meme has now firmly established itself as a medium of communication online. It is also an excellent analogy for internet culture — ephemeral and glib, sexist<\/a>, but assumed to contain some \u2018vague seed of truth\u2019<\/a>. The men in the focus groups invoke the language of feminism, even, patriarchy, using it as a post-feminist justification for explaining how equality is about equivalence.<\/p>\n

According to them, labels like \u2018patriarchy\u2019 are used by women to sustain a narrative of victimhood that they don\u2019t, or no longer, deserve. Equality is not only assumed to have been reached, but also breached, giving women an unfair leg up.<\/p>\n

In the virality of online flows, sexualized femininity masquerading as jokes is naturalized as the commodity for masculine sub-cultures. Women friends must know that sexist jokes are just that — jokes. Women who do respond and challenge sexism are branded \u2018feminist\u2019, a pejorative that discounts their arguments. In conversations with young women, we were told that the best they could do is ignore it — \u201cIt\u2019s sad that we\u2019ve become so used to it that we just go ahead.\u201d<\/p>\n

As young men sort through content, they are able to \u2018see like a feminist\u2019. Yet, they choose to subscribe to the sexism the attention economy throws at them, using it, in fact, for the very performance of masculinity. Liking or circulating a sexist meme or sexualized picture of a classmate that she may not be aware of, is an essential rite of passage to manhood.<\/p>\n

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Theme 2: \u2018Pls send nudes\u2019<\/em> \u2013 Entitlement and control<\/strong><\/p>\n

Male voice: \u201cBefore taking nudes with a guy, the girl must think. There is no use crying now. If she was that deeply involved with him, she should have stayed in the relationship. If she cheats on him, she should know this can happen. The fact is both of them have cheated, and that is the way it is. They (women) have to think of the family before getting into the relationship.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Female voice: \u201c(If it happened to me) I would have been like – \u2018You should have known better.\u2019 \u2018What were you thinking?\u2019 \u2018Were you in your right mind to send those pictures?\u2019 Especially in this age of technology, we\u2019re obviously cautioning each other.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Female voice: \u201cI think it\u2019s actually come to a point where people are okay with such things. I think that\u2019s how we\u2019re moving on right now. Like our generation… they\u2019re just okay with it.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

In \u2018Sluts r Us: Intersections of gender, protocol and agency in the digital age\u2019<\/a>, Nishant Shah points to an important dimension of non-consensual circulation of intimate images online. The slut shaming that follows such an act is not (just) about shaming women\u2019s sexuality but (also) the censure of women\u2019s shamelessness — that they dared to expose themselves to the technology, stupidly allowing the artifact to be available for posterity on \u201cthe perpetual memory machine of the Web\u201d. The easy transcendence of affairs of the private sphere into the gut of the public sphere is about male entitlement. It is the point at which the quest for liberation must meet its logical consequence. If women throw caution to the winds, they are bound to be shown that they have breached the gender protocol.<\/p>\n

The men we spoke to express similar approaches to intimacy through tech-mediated spaces. While sending a man risque pictures, a woman should have known that it will be leaked if she steps out of line \u2013 for instance, by breaking off the relationship \u2013 and that it\u2019s all fair game. \u2018Hidden cameras\u2019 and recording women clandestinely, cases wherein women\u2019s agency is passive, on the other hand, elicits a more sympathetic response — the perception that her \u2018modesty has been outraged\u2019. However, this does not accommodate the very negation of women\u2019s consent in such an act. In our conversations on \u2018revenge porn\u2019 with women, the ubiquity of these acts became apparent. Again, while no judgment is passed about engaging in sexual acts, regret is expressed for perceived shortsightedness in allowing oneself to be captured in the act. A surprising outcome of the pervasiveness of \u2018revenge porn\u2019 is that women today are able to brush it off with a, \u201cSo what, it\u2019s just my body. Who cares!\u201d<\/em> Shame and guilt it would seem are not always seen as feminine burdens that women in patriarchal orders must carry. If this is a one-off remark or a comment from someone empowered will need to be better understood. However, what is clear is that the ignominy of public exposure, the experience of fear and indignity attached to the denial of consent are real for the majority, and need to be addressed.<\/p>\n

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Theme 3: \u2018Your safety is in your hands\u2019<\/em>– Self-discipline and techno-fixes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Male voice: \u201cBut girls also should keep their accounts private and within their friends\u2019 circle. There are faults in them as well. Girls should be more careful. If they are concerned, why aren\u2019t they more careful? There are a lot of ways to do this now. You can share things with only a group of friends. But girls want likes and fame. That may be a problem.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Female voice: \u201c You can control the kind of content you\u2019re following. But, it also depends on the kind of people on the Internet. You can\u2019t stop these people from existing. When you think about it, what you can do personally is small changes in your privacy settings.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Female voice: \u201cWebsites should make people submit their Aadhaar details so that we can immediately get to know all their information, report and block them\u2026 and arrest those who misuse screenshots. At least the person will be scared that they can\u2019t misuse pictures.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

The men betray a deep discomfort with the visibility of women in online spaces, especially in cases of image based self-representation, a decidedly agentic exercise. As a consequence, when women post selfies or pictures, they are inevitably sexualized, and blame associated with sexual expression is evoked to deride the violation of gender scripts. The \u2018good girl\u2019s\u2019 narrative<\/a> does not include garnering likes or going after popularity. This presents, as Salter observes<\/a>, \u2018an incompatible demand\u2019 that young women should not be sluts, but should also not be prudes.<\/p>\n

Public spaces have historically been unwelcoming of women, and women who do stray into the public have no choice but to accept any deprecatory ascriptions that, in all likelihood, will follow. Gender norms on mobility and visibility on the Internet are seamlessly tied to cultures of female responsibility and self-discipline. Women are told to build walled gardens through technological aides, so that they can remain online and benefit from the wonders of technology without encountering any of the harm. While some women resign to this discourse, others demand technology be underwritten by identification — for access to some form of security.<\/p>\n

For digital corporations, these are ideal responses, allowing them to occupy the position of the \u2018innocent by-stander\u2019 or the \u2018willing conduit\u2019, that have no control over the core content, but are ever-willing to tweak the edges. The evolution of the Internet and the rise of culture as visual rhapsody, carefully engineered by deliberate design choices of platforms should tell us otherwise. Those who are born digital, are born into the rapid replacement of textual content by image based<\/a>, user generated content. When the burden of creating safe spaces is displaced on users, it falls on the shoulders of those that demand safe spaces in the first place, i.e. women and others from marginalized locations, to effectuate it. And when their demands aren\u2019t met, which is invariably the case, they have no choice but to give in to the disciplining force of violence, by self-censoring.<\/p>\n

For feminists fighting for safe online public spaces, confronting the complicity of digital platforms in cementing gender norms is as important as challenging hypermasculinites.<\/p>\n

The project,\u00a0<\/em>\u2018Righting Gender Wrongs: A Study of Law Enforcement Responses to Online Violence Against Women\u2019,\u00a0is an ongoing exploratory research study of gender-based cyber violence led by IT for Change with feminist partners across six sites of study in India, covering the states of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The research project has used mixed methods — self administered surveys with college students between the ages of 19-23,\u00a0key informant interviews with law enforcement officials, women\u2019s rights lawyers and activists, family court lawyers, counselors, digital rights activists; and focus group discussions with young men and women in colleges to\u00a0study violence online as well as conduct a systematic assessment of institutional pathways to change. The intent is to make recommendations for improvements in access to justice for victims, based on robust evidence on the gaps in law, with particular focus on law enforcement agencies.The full report will be published in February, 2019. To learn more about IT for Change\u2019s research and advocacy on the topic visit –https:\/\/projects.itforchange.net\/e-vaw\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

The authors are with IT for Change.<\/em><\/p>\n