{"id":866,"date":"2023-08-21T06:26:57","date_gmt":"2023-08-21T06:26:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/projects-dev.itforchange.net\/online-violence-gender-and-law-guide\/?page_id=866"},"modified":"2023-10-06T06:08:00","modified_gmt":"2023-10-06T06:08:00","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/projects.itforchange.net\/online-violence-gender-and-law-guide\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary of Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-866\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-866-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div id=\"module-breadcrumbs\" class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-866-0\" ><div id=\"pgc-866-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-866-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_bcn_widget widget_breadcrumb_navxt panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-866-0-0-0\"><div class=\"breadcrumbs\" vocab=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/\" typeof=\"BreadcrumbList\">Navigate:<span property=\"itemListElement\" typeof=\"ListItem\"><a property=\"item\" typeof=\"WebPage\" title=\"Go to Online Gender-based Violence Judicial Resource Guide.\" href=\"https:\/\/projects.itforchange.net\/online-violence-gender-and-law-guide\" class=\"home\" aria-current=\"page\"><span property=\"name\">Online Gender-based Violence Judicial Resource Guide<\/span><\/a><meta property=\"position\" content=\"1\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-866-1\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div id=\"module-heading\" class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-866-1\" ><div id=\"pgc-866-1-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-866-1-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-headline panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-headline so-widget-sow-headline-default-62ef3939e480-866 so-widget-fittext-wrapper\"\n\t\t\t data-fit-text-compressor=\"0.85\"\n\t\t><div class=\"sow-headline-container \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"sow-headline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGlossary of Terms\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-866-2\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div id=\"module-content\" class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-866-2\" ><div id=\"pgc-866-2-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-866-2-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Artificial intelligence:<\/b> Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\">Burns, E. (n.d.). <i>Artificial Intelligence<\/i>. TechTarget. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchenterpriseai\/definition\/AI-Artificial-Intelligence\">https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchenterpriseai\/definition\/AI-Artificial-Intelligence<\/a> <\/span> that display human-like capabilities, such as reasoning, learning, planning, and creativity.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"2\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-2\">2<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-2\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"2\">European Union. (2020). <i>What is Artificial Intelligence and How is it Used? <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/headlines\/society\/20200827STO85804\/what-is-artificial-intelligence-and-how-is-it-used\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/headlines\/society\/20200827STO85804\/what-is-artificial-intelligence-and-how-is-it-used<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bodily autonomy:<\/b> Bodily autonomy is the right to make choices about one\u2019s body without facing coercion or violence.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"3\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-3\">3<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-3\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"3\">Letzing, J. (2022). <i>What is Women's \u2018Bodily Autonomy\u2019 and Why Does it Matter for Everyone? <\/i>World Economic Forum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/what-is-bodily-autonomy-and-why-does-it-matter-for-women\/\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/what-is-bodily-autonomy-and-why-does-it-matter-for-women\/<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Body shaming:<\/b> Body shaming is a highly subjective form of abuse. An exact definition for body shaming does not exist, especially since what constitutes shaming may vary from person to person. Nevertheless, in a broad sense, body shaming may refer to malevolent comments made about a person\u2019s bodily appearance that intend to hurt, shame, or provoke.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"4\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-4\">4<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-4\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"4\">Schl\u00fcter, C., Kraag, G., &amp; Schmidt, J. (2023). Body Shaming: An Exploratory Study on its Definition and Classification. <i>International Journal of Bullying Prevention,<\/i> 5, pp. 26\u20133. <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Charge sheet:<\/b> A charge sheet is an official document on which a police officer records the details of the crime a person is accused of.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"5\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-5\">5<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-5\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"5\">Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). <i>Charge Sheet. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/charge-sheet\">https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/charge-sheet<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Consent:<\/b> Consent is an agreement between participants to engage in sexual activity or any other intimate act. It must be freely and actively given and cannot be provided by someone who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol or by someone underage. Consent is specific, meaning that consent to one act does not imply consent to any others, and reversible, meaning that it may be revoked at any time.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"6\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-6\">6<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-6\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"6\">UN Women. (n.d.). <i>Frequently Asked Questions: Types of Violence against Women and Girls.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/ending-violence-against-women\/faqs\/types-of-violence\">https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/ending-violence-against-women\/faqs\/types-of-violence<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Content moderation:<\/b> Content moderation refers to the systematic vetting of messages, and decisions about what speech to allow and what to block.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"7\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-7\">7<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-7\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"7\">Gillespie, T. (2018). <i>Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden<\/i><i>Decisions that Shape Social Media.<\/i> Yale University Press.<\/span> It also takes the form of curation of online content, and down-ranking or amplifying content.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"8\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-8\">8<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-8\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"8\">Reimer, K., &amp; Peter, S. (2021). Algorithmic Audiencing: Why we Need to Rethink Free Speech on Social Media. <i>Journal of Information Technology<\/i>, 36 (4). <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Deplatform:<\/b> Prevent (a person holding views regarded as unacceptable or offensive) from contributing to a forum or debate, especially by blocking them on a particular website or platform.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"9\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-9\">9<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-9\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"9\"><em>Deplatform<\/em>. (n.d.). Oxford Learners' Dictionaries. https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/deplatform<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Digital capitalism:<\/b> Digital capitalism refers to the phase of capitalism where social and economic activity is dependent on information generated from data networks. It acknowledges that data has become the commodity that guides and sustains capitalistic growth.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"10\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-10\">10<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-10\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"10\">Progressive Alliance. (2019). <i>The Digital Capitalism Debate. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/progressive-alliance.info\/2019\/03\/24\/digital-capitalism-debate\/\">https:\/\/progressive-alliance.info\/2019\/03\/24\/digital-capitalism-debate\/<\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Digital evidence:<\/b> Digital evidence is information stored or transmitted in a binary form that may be relied on in court. It can be found on a computer hard drive and a mobile phone, among other devices. Digital evidence is commonly associated with electronic crime, or e-crime, such as child pornography or credit card fraud. However, digital evidence is now used to prosecute all types of crimes, not just e-crime.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"11\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-11\">11<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-11\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"11\">National Institute of Justice. (n.d). <i>Digital Evidence and Forensics.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/digital-evidence-and-forensics\">https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/digital-evidence-and-forensics<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Downblousing:<\/b> Downblousing is where a covert camera is used to photograph women from above, focusing on the blouse in the hope of taking an image of the bra, cleavage, or breasts.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"12\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-12\">12<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-12\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"12\">Gillespie, A. A. (2008). \u201cUp-Skirts\u2019\u2019 and \u2018\u2018Down-Blouses\u2019\u2019: Voyeurism and the Law. <i>Criminal Law Review<\/i>, pp. 370-382. <a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf\">https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf<\/a> .<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gender binary:<\/b> Gender binary refers to the idea that there are only two genders and that everyone is either male or female. Such rigid notions exclude and marginalize the experiences of persons who identify differently to this notion, like transgender persons.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"13\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-13\">13<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-13\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"13\">Morgenroth, T., &amp; Ryan, M.K. (2018). Gender Trouble in Social Psychology: How Can Butler\u2019s Work Inform Experimental Social Psychologists\u2019 Conceptualization of Gender? <i>Front Psychol, 9<\/i>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gendered spaces:<\/b> Feminist geographers argue that gender is enacted in a spatial manner, which makes some spaces masculine and others feminine. For example, in several patriarchal societies, women are restricted from visiting public spaces like parks, which are considered more appropriate for men. This masculinization of space restricts women\u2019s mobility and, in some cases, their opportunities.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"14\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-14\">14<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-14\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"14\">Siwach, P. (2020). Mapping Gendered Spaces and Women\u2019s Mobility: A Case Study of Mitathal Village, Haryana. <i>The Oriental Anthropologist, <\/i>20 (1). <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Genocide:<\/b> Genocide refers to acts that intend to eliminate, in whole or in part, particular national, ethnic, religious, or racial groups. The acts that are considered as contributing to genocide include killing and causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of a particular group, among others.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"15\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-15\">15<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-15\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"15\"><i>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<\/i>, opened for signature 9 December 1948, 78 UNTS 277 (entered into force 12 January 1951). <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Heteronormativity:<\/b> Heteronormativity refers to the dominant assumption that heterosexual relations (sexual relations strictly between men and women) signify normal sexual behavior. It also propounds that male-female differences are natural and essential to human relations.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"16\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-16\">16<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-16\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"16\">APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.). <i>Heteronormativity<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/heteronormativity\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/heteronormativity<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Homophobia:<\/b> Homophobia refers to the \u201cirrational fear, hatred, or aversion\u201d against persons who do not conform to heterosexual norms. It is usually directed toward persons who identify as a part of the LGBTQI+ spectrum.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"17\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-17\">17<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-17\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"17\">United Nations Free &amp; Equal. (n.d.). <i>LGBT\/LGBTI.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unfe.org\/definitions\/\">https:\/\/www.unfe.org\/definitions\/<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Internet intermediaries:<\/b> The term internet intermediaries commonly refers to a wide, diverse, and rapidly evolving range of service providers who facilitate interactions on the internet between natural (a real human being) and legal persons. Some connect users to the internet, enabling the processing of data, and host web-based services, including entities that host user-generated comments.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"18\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-18\">18<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-18\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"18\">Council of Europe. (n.d). <i>Internet Intermediaries. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/freedom-expression\/internet-intermediaries\">https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/freedom-expression\/internet-intermediaries<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Intersectionality:<\/b> Intersectionality is a framework that helps understand the amplified discrimination that is caused when multiple inequalities or disadvantages act simultaneously and interconnectedly.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"19\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-19\">19<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-19\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"19\">Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. <i>University of Chicago Legal Forum, <\/i>1989 (1), pp. 139-167. <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>LGBTQI+: <\/b>The acronym LGBTQI+ stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and other persons. It is a broad term that refers, not exclusively, to persons who do not conform to heteronormative behaviors, persons with non-binary identities, and persons whose gender identities are different from the one they were born with.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"20\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-20\">20<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-20\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"20\">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.). <i>OHCHR and the Human Rights of LGBTI People<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Majoritarianism:<\/b> Majoritarianism is a traditional concept that argues that majority groups are entitled to primacy in society. It is mostly applied in societies that have ethnic, religious, racial, and linguistic majorities, and often leads to conflicts.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"21\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-21\">21<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-21\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"21\">European Center for Populism Studies. (n.d.). <i>Majoritarianism.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.populismstudies.org\/Vocabulary\/majoritarianism\/\">https:\/\/www.populismstudies.org\/Vocabulary\/majoritarianism\/<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Misogyny:<\/b> Misogyny is hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women. It is a form of sexism that is used to keep women at a lower social status than men, thus maintaining the societal roles of patriarchy.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>OGBV:<\/b> Online gender-based violence or OGBV is a form of gender injustice and discrimination that takes place in online spaces. This type of gender-based violence can include stalking, harassment, bullying, and unsolicited pornography, among other actions.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"22\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-22\">22<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-22\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"22\">Sanusi, T. (2021). <i>Online Gender-Based Violence: What You Need to Know. <\/i>Global Citizen. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalcitizen.org\/en\/content\/what-is-online-gender-based-violence-2\/\">https:\/\/www.globalcitizen.org\/en\/content\/what-is-online-gender-based-violence-2\/<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Online harms: <\/b>Online harms constitute online behaviour that may hurt a person physically or emotionally. It could be harmful information that is posted online or information sent to a person.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Patriarchy:<\/b> Patriarchy: Patriarchy is about the social relations of power between men and women, women and women, and men and men. It is a system of maintaining class, gender, racial, and heterosexual privilege as well as the status quo of power, relying both on crude forms of oppression like violence and subtle ones like laws, to perpetuate inequality.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"23\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-23\">23<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-23\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"23\">Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence. (n.d.). <i>Patriarchy and Power.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.api-gbv.org\/about-gbv\/our-analysis\/patriarchy-power\/\">https:\/\/www.api-gbv.org\/about-gbv\/our-analysis\/patriarchy-power\/<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Privacy:<\/b> The right to privacy means the right of a person to be left alone and to be able to control his\/her own life. In the digital age, privacy also means privacy over one\u2019s data and control over one\u2019s existence on the internet.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"24\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-24\">24<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-24\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"24\"><i>K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India<\/i> (2017), 10 SCC 1, p. 504. <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Revenge porn (or Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse): <\/b>A media-generated term used to describe the online distribution of private and sexually explicit images and videos without consent.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"25\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-25\">25<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-25\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"25\">European Institute for Gender Equality. (2017). <i>Cyber Violence against Women and Girls. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/publications-resources\/publications\/cyber-violence-against-women-and-girls-key-terms-and-concepts#eige-files\">https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/publications-resources\/publications\/cyber-violence-against-women-and-girls-key-terms-and-concepts#eige-files<\/a> <\/span> It is pertinent to note that the use of the word \u2018revenge porn\u2019 is not preferred, as the term \u2018pornography\u2019 does not emphasize the non-consensual nature of the practices, and many perpetrators are not motivated by \u2018revenge\u2019 or by any personal feelings towards the victim. Non-consensual intimate image distribution (NCIID) is to be used instead.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sexism:<\/b> Sexism means perceiving and judging people solely based on their belonging to a particular sex or gender.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"26\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-26\">26<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-26\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"26\">Council of Europe. (n.d.). <i>Feminism and Women\u2019s Rights Movements. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/gender-matters\/feminism-and-women-s-rights-movements\">https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/gender-matters\/feminism-and-women-s-rights-movements<\/a>; Council of Europe. (n.d.). <i>Sexism: See it. Name it. Stop it. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/human-rights-channel.coe.int\/stop-sexism-en.html\">https:\/\/human-rights-channel.coe.int\/stop-sexism-en.html<\/a> <\/span> It also covers economic, political, and social discrimination on the idea that some persons are inferior because of their sex.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"27\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-27\">27<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-27\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"27\">Prasad, P. (2019). <i>The Difference Between Sexism and Misogyny, and Why It Matters<\/i>. The Swaddle. <a href=\"https:\/\/theswaddle.com\/difference-between-sexism-and-misogyny\/\">https:\/\/theswaddle.com\/difference-between-sexism-and-misogyny\/<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social hierarchy:<\/b> Social hierarchy is the organization of society in a manner that follows a vertical hierarchy that arranges people based on their group status, which causes differential access to resources and opportunities.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"28\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-28\">28<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-28\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"28\">Roth, Z.C., &amp; Rios, K. (2020). Social Hierarchies. In Zeigler-Hill, V., &amp; Shackelford, T.K. (Ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences<\/i>. Springer. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referencework\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referencework\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social media platforms:<\/b> Social media platforms are a collective term for websites and applications that focus on communication, community-based input, interaction, content-sharing, and collaboration. Some examples are Facebook, TikTok, etc.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"29\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-29\">29<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-29\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"29\"><em>Social Media.<\/em> (n.d.). Tech Target. https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/whatis\/definition\/social-media<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Structural inequalities:<\/b> Structural inequalities are inequalities that stem from historically unequal social systems, which intentionally or unintentionally favor certain categories of people over others. For example, companies that pay women lower salaries than men working in the same positions do so because of the structural biases harbored by their management, which cause them to undervalue a woman\u2019s labor.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"30\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-30\">30<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-30\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"30\">The Center for High Impact Philanthropy. (n.d.). <i>What is Structural Inequality?<\/i> University of Pennsylvania. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.impact.upenn.edu\/what-is-structural-inequality\/\">https:\/\/www.impact.upenn.edu\/what-is-structural-inequality\/<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV):<\/strong> Technology-facilitated gender-based violence or TFGBV, is an act of violence perpetrated by one or more individuals that is committed, assisted, aggravated, and amplified, in part or fully, by the use of information and communication technologies or digital media, against a person based on their gender.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"31\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-31\">31<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-31\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"31\">UNFPA. (2023). <i>Brochure: What is Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence? <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/resources\/brochure-what-technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence\">https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/resources\/brochure-what-technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Troll:<\/b> A troll is internet slang for a person who intentionally tries to instigate conflict, hostility, or arguments in an online social community. Platforms targeted by trolls can include the comment sections of YouTube, forums, or chat rooms. Trolls often use inflammatory messages to provoke emotional responses from people, disrupting otherwise civil discussion. Trolling can occur anywhere that has an open area where people can freely post their thoughts and opinions.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"32\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-32\">32<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-32\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"32\">GCF Global. (n.d).<i> What is Trolling?<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/thenow\/what-is-trolling\/1\/#\">https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/thenow\/what-is-trolling\/1\/#<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Upskirting:<\/b> Upskirting is a picture taken by a man using a covert camera directed up a female\u2019s skirt.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"33\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-33\">33<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000002dcb0000000000000000_866-33\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"33\">Gillespie, A. A. (2008). \u201cUp-Skirts\u2019\u2019 and \u2018\u2018Down-Blouses\u2019\u2019: Voyeurism and the Law. <i>Criminal Law Review,<\/i> pp. 370-382. <a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf\">https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf<\/a>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Virality:<\/b> Virality is a term associated with social media and it refers to the potential of online content to reach a large audience very quickly by receiving an unusual amount of shares and dislikes. Social media platforms benefit from the virality of content, and hence their algorithms tend to promote virality by prioritizing and amplifying such posts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-866-2-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\" ><div id=\"module-footnotes\" class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-866-2-0-1\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Footnotes<\/h3>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<ul class=\"modern-footnotes-list \"><li><span>1<\/span><div>Burns, E. (n.d.). <i>Artificial Intelligence<\/i>. TechTarget. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchenterpriseai\/definition\/AI-Artificial-Intelligence\">https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchenterpriseai\/definition\/AI-Artificial-Intelligence<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>2<\/span><div>European Union. (2020). <i>What is Artificial Intelligence and How is it Used? <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/headlines\/society\/20200827STO85804\/what-is-artificial-intelligence-and-how-is-it-used\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/headlines\/society\/20200827STO85804\/what-is-artificial-intelligence-and-how-is-it-used<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>3<\/span><div>Letzing, J. (2022). <i>What is Women's \u2018Bodily Autonomy\u2019 and Why Does it Matter for Everyone? <\/i>World Economic Forum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/what-is-bodily-autonomy-and-why-does-it-matter-for-women\/\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/what-is-bodily-autonomy-and-why-does-it-matter-for-women\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>4<\/span><div>Schl\u00fcter, C., Kraag, G., &amp; Schmidt, J. (2023). Body Shaming: An Exploratory Study on its Definition and Classification. <i>International Journal of Bullying Prevention,<\/i> 5, pp. 26\u20133. <\/div><\/li><li><span>5<\/span><div>Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). <i>Charge Sheet. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/charge-sheet\">https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/charge-sheet<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>6<\/span><div>UN Women. (n.d.). <i>Frequently Asked Questions: Types of Violence against Women and Girls.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/ending-violence-against-women\/faqs\/types-of-violence\">https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/ending-violence-against-women\/faqs\/types-of-violence<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>7<\/span><div>Gillespie, T. (2018). <i>Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden<\/i><i>Decisions that Shape Social Media.<\/i> Yale University Press.<\/div><\/li><li><span>8<\/span><div>Reimer, K., &amp; Peter, S. (2021). Algorithmic Audiencing: Why we Need to Rethink Free Speech on Social Media. <i>Journal of Information Technology<\/i>, 36 (4). <\/div><\/li><li><span>9<\/span><div><em>Deplatform<\/em>. (n.d.). Oxford Learners' Dictionaries. https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/deplatform<\/div><\/li><li><span>10<\/span><div>Progressive Alliance. (2019). <i>The Digital Capitalism Debate. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/progressive-alliance.info\/2019\/03\/24\/digital-capitalism-debate\/\">https:\/\/progressive-alliance.info\/2019\/03\/24\/digital-capitalism-debate\/<\/a>\u00a0 <\/div><\/li><li><span>11<\/span><div>National Institute of Justice. (n.d). <i>Digital Evidence and Forensics.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/digital-evidence-and-forensics\">https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/digital-evidence-and-forensics<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>12<\/span><div>Gillespie, A. A. (2008). \u201cUp-Skirts\u2019\u2019 and \u2018\u2018Down-Blouses\u2019\u2019: Voyeurism and the Law. <i>Criminal Law Review<\/i>, pp. 370-382. <a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf\">https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf<\/a> .<\/div><\/li><li><span>13<\/span><div>Morgenroth, T., &amp; Ryan, M.K. (2018). Gender Trouble in Social Psychology: How Can Butler\u2019s Work Inform Experimental Social Psychologists\u2019 Conceptualization of Gender? <i>Front Psychol, 9<\/i>.<\/div><\/li><li><span>14<\/span><div>Siwach, P. (2020). Mapping Gendered Spaces and Women\u2019s Mobility: A Case Study of Mitathal Village, Haryana. <i>The Oriental Anthropologist, <\/i>20 (1). <\/div><\/li><li><span>15<\/span><div><i>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<\/i>, opened for signature 9 December 1948, 78 UNTS 277 (entered into force 12 January 1951). <\/div><\/li><li><span>16<\/span><div>APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.). <i>Heteronormativity<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/heteronormativity\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/heteronormativity<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>17<\/span><div>United Nations Free &amp; Equal. (n.d.). <i>LGBT\/LGBTI.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unfe.org\/definitions\/\">https:\/\/www.unfe.org\/definitions\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>18<\/span><div>Council of Europe. (n.d). <i>Internet Intermediaries. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/freedom-expression\/internet-intermediaries\">https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/freedom-expression\/internet-intermediaries<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>19<\/span><div>Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. <i>University of Chicago Legal Forum, <\/i>1989 (1), pp. 139-167. <\/div><\/li><li><span>20<\/span><div>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.). <i>OHCHR and the Human Rights of LGBTI People<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>21<\/span><div>European Center for Populism Studies. (n.d.). <i>Majoritarianism.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.populismstudies.org\/Vocabulary\/majoritarianism\/\">https:\/\/www.populismstudies.org\/Vocabulary\/majoritarianism\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>22<\/span><div>Sanusi, T. (2021). <i>Online Gender-Based Violence: What You Need to Know. <\/i>Global Citizen. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalcitizen.org\/en\/content\/what-is-online-gender-based-violence-2\/\">https:\/\/www.globalcitizen.org\/en\/content\/what-is-online-gender-based-violence-2\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>23<\/span><div>Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence. (n.d.). <i>Patriarchy and Power.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.api-gbv.org\/about-gbv\/our-analysis\/patriarchy-power\/\">https:\/\/www.api-gbv.org\/about-gbv\/our-analysis\/patriarchy-power\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>24<\/span><div><i>K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India<\/i> (2017), 10 SCC 1, p. 504. <\/div><\/li><li><span>25<\/span><div>European Institute for Gender Equality. (2017). <i>Cyber Violence against Women and Girls. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/publications-resources\/publications\/cyber-violence-against-women-and-girls-key-terms-and-concepts#eige-files\">https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/publications-resources\/publications\/cyber-violence-against-women-and-girls-key-terms-and-concepts#eige-files<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>26<\/span><div>Council of Europe. (n.d.). <i>Feminism and Women\u2019s Rights Movements. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/gender-matters\/feminism-and-women-s-rights-movements\">https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/gender-matters\/feminism-and-women-s-rights-movements<\/a>; Council of Europe. (n.d.). <i>Sexism: See it. Name it. Stop it. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/human-rights-channel.coe.int\/stop-sexism-en.html\">https:\/\/human-rights-channel.coe.int\/stop-sexism-en.html<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>27<\/span><div>Prasad, P. (2019). <i>The Difference Between Sexism and Misogyny, and Why It Matters<\/i>. The Swaddle. <a href=\"https:\/\/theswaddle.com\/difference-between-sexism-and-misogyny\/\">https:\/\/theswaddle.com\/difference-between-sexism-and-misogyny\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>28<\/span><div>Roth, Z.C., &amp; Rios, K. (2020). Social Hierarchies. In Zeigler-Hill, V., &amp; Shackelford, T.K. (Ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences<\/i>. Springer. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referencework\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referencework\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>29<\/span><div><em>Social Media.<\/em> (n.d.). Tech Target. https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/whatis\/definition\/social-media<\/div><\/li><li><span>30<\/span><div>The Center for High Impact Philanthropy. (n.d.). <i>What is Structural Inequality?<\/i> University of Pennsylvania. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.impact.upenn.edu\/what-is-structural-inequality\/\">https:\/\/www.impact.upenn.edu\/what-is-structural-inequality\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>31<\/span><div>UNFPA. (2023). <i>Brochure: What is Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence? <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/resources\/brochure-what-technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence\">https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/resources\/brochure-what-technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>32<\/span><div>GCF Global. (n.d).<i> What is Trolling?<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/thenow\/what-is-trolling\/1\/#\">https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/thenow\/what-is-trolling\/1\/#<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>33<\/span><div>Gillespie, A. A. (2008). \u201cUp-Skirts\u2019\u2019 and \u2018\u2018Down-Blouses\u2019\u2019: Voyeurism and the Law. <i>Criminal Law Review,<\/i> pp. 370-382. <a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf\">https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf<\/a>. <\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><ul class=\"modern-footnotes-list modern-footnotes-list--show-only-for-print\"><li><span>1<\/span><div>Burns, E. (n.d.). <i>Artificial Intelligence<\/i>. TechTarget. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchenterpriseai\/definition\/AI-Artificial-Intelligence\">https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchenterpriseai\/definition\/AI-Artificial-Intelligence<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>2<\/span><div>European Union. (2020). <i>What is Artificial Intelligence and How is it Used? <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/headlines\/society\/20200827STO85804\/what-is-artificial-intelligence-and-how-is-it-used\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/headlines\/society\/20200827STO85804\/what-is-artificial-intelligence-and-how-is-it-used<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>3<\/span><div>Letzing, J. (2022). <i>What is Women's \u2018Bodily Autonomy\u2019 and Why Does it Matter for Everyone? <\/i>World Economic Forum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/what-is-bodily-autonomy-and-why-does-it-matter-for-women\/\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/what-is-bodily-autonomy-and-why-does-it-matter-for-women\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>4<\/span><div>Schl\u00fcter, C., Kraag, G., &amp; Schmidt, J. (2023). Body Shaming: An Exploratory Study on its Definition and Classification. <i>International Journal of Bullying Prevention,<\/i> 5, pp. 26\u20133. <\/div><\/li><li><span>5<\/span><div>Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). <i>Charge Sheet. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/charge-sheet\">https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/charge-sheet<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>6<\/span><div>UN Women. (n.d.). <i>Frequently Asked Questions: Types of Violence against Women and Girls.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/ending-violence-against-women\/faqs\/types-of-violence\">https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/ending-violence-against-women\/faqs\/types-of-violence<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>7<\/span><div>Gillespie, T. (2018). <i>Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden<\/i><i>Decisions that Shape Social Media.<\/i> Yale University Press.<\/div><\/li><li><span>8<\/span><div>Reimer, K., &amp; Peter, S. (2021). Algorithmic Audiencing: Why we Need to Rethink Free Speech on Social Media. <i>Journal of Information Technology<\/i>, 36 (4). <\/div><\/li><li><span>9<\/span><div><em>Deplatform<\/em>. (n.d.). Oxford Learners' Dictionaries. https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/deplatform<\/div><\/li><li><span>10<\/span><div>Progressive Alliance. (2019). <i>The Digital Capitalism Debate. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/progressive-alliance.info\/2019\/03\/24\/digital-capitalism-debate\/\">https:\/\/progressive-alliance.info\/2019\/03\/24\/digital-capitalism-debate\/<\/a>\u00a0 <\/div><\/li><li><span>11<\/span><div>National Institute of Justice. 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Mapping Gendered Spaces and Women\u2019s Mobility: A Case Study of Mitathal Village, Haryana. <i>The Oriental Anthropologist, <\/i>20 (1). <\/div><\/li><li><span>15<\/span><div><i>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<\/i>, opened for signature 9 December 1948, 78 UNTS 277 (entered into force 12 January 1951). <\/div><\/li><li><span>16<\/span><div>APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.). <i>Heteronormativity<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/heteronormativity\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/heteronormativity<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>17<\/span><div>United Nations Free &amp; Equal. (n.d.). <i>LGBT\/LGBTI.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unfe.org\/definitions\/\">https:\/\/www.unfe.org\/definitions\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>18<\/span><div>Council of Europe. (n.d). <i>Internet Intermediaries. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/freedom-expression\/internet-intermediaries\">https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/freedom-expression\/internet-intermediaries<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>19<\/span><div>Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. <i>University of Chicago Legal Forum, <\/i>1989 (1), pp. 139-167. <\/div><\/li><li><span>20<\/span><div>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.). <i>OHCHR and the Human Rights of LGBTI People<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>21<\/span><div>European Center for Populism Studies. 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The Swaddle. <a href=\"https:\/\/theswaddle.com\/difference-between-sexism-and-misogyny\/\">https:\/\/theswaddle.com\/difference-between-sexism-and-misogyny\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>28<\/span><div>Roth, Z.C., &amp; Rios, K. (2020). Social Hierarchies. In Zeigler-Hill, V., &amp; Shackelford, T.K. (Ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences<\/i>. Springer. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referencework\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referencework\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>29<\/span><div><em>Social Media.<\/em> (n.d.). Tech Target. https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/whatis\/definition\/social-media<\/div><\/li><li><span>30<\/span><div>The Center for High Impact Philanthropy. (n.d.). <i>What is Structural Inequality?<\/i> University of Pennsylvania. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.impact.upenn.edu\/what-is-structural-inequality\/\">https:\/\/www.impact.upenn.edu\/what-is-structural-inequality\/<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>31<\/span><div>UNFPA. (2023). <i>Brochure: What is Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence? <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/resources\/brochure-what-technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence\">https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/resources\/brochure-what-technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>32<\/span><div>GCF Global. (n.d).<i> What is Trolling?<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/thenow\/what-is-trolling\/1\/#\">https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/thenow\/what-is-trolling\/1\/#<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>33<\/span><div>Gillespie, A. A. (2008). \u201cUp-Skirts\u2019\u2019 and \u2018\u2018Down-Blouses\u2019\u2019: Voyeurism and the Law. <i>Criminal Law Review,<\/i> pp. 370-382. <a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf\">https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9663206.pdf<\/a>. <\/div><\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Navigate:Online Gender-based Violence Judicial Resource Guide Glossary of Terms Artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems, that display human-like capabilities, such as reasoning, learning, planning, and creativity. 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