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Journal Articles and Research Papers

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  3. AISET. (2021). Cyber Violence against Women and Girls (CVAWG), the Algorithms of the Online-Offline Continuum of Gender Discrimination. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3953292
  4. Ajmani, N. (2011). Rethinking the Rangel Standard in the Age of the Internet. Cyberstalking and Free Speech. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/11760/Ajmani.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  5. Aktor, M. (2002). Rules of Untouchability in Ancient and Medieval Law Books: House-Holders, Competence, and Inauspiciousness. International Journal of Hindu Studies, 6(3), pp. 243–274.
  6. Allen, A. L. (1991). How Privacy Got its Gender. University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2309&context=faculty_scholarship.
  7. Anderson, B., & Wood, M. A. (2021). Doxxing: A Scoping Review and Typology. The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211015/full/html.
  8. Bailey, J., Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2021). Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse: International Perspectives and Experiences In The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse, pp. 1-17. Emerald Publishing Limited.
  9. Banerjee, S., & Ghosh, N. (2018). Introduction. Debating Intersectionalities: Challenges for a Methodological Framework. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal [Preprint], (19). doi:10.4000/samaj.4745.
  10. Bansal, V., et.al. (2023). A Scoping Review of Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Across Asia. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231154614 .
  11. Barak, A. (2005). Sexual Harassment on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), pp. 77–92. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894439304271540
  12.  Barboni, G., Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Troyer Moore, C. (2018). A Tough Call: Understanding Barriers to and Impacts of Women’s Mobile Phone Adoption in India. Harvard Kennedy School Evidence for Policy Design. https://epod.cid.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/2018-10/A_Tough_Call.pdf
  13.  Barker, K., & Jurasz, O. (2019). Online Misogyny a Challenge for Digital Feminism? Journal of International Affairs, 72(2), pp. 95-114.
  14. Basu, T. (2021). The Metaverse has a Groping Problem Already. Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/12/16/1042516/the-metaverse-has-a-groping-problem/;
  15. Brophy, J. E. (2010). Developing a Corporeal Cyberfeminism: Beyond Cyberutopia. New Media & Society, 12(6), pp. 929–945. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809350901.
  16. Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls Just Want to Have Fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, pp. 97-102.
  17. Chauhan, S. S. (2021). Cyber Violence against Women and Girls (CVAWG), The Algorithms of the Online-Offline Continuum of Gender Discrimination. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(2), p. 87. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3953292.
  18. Cole, K. K. (2015). “It’s Like She's Eager to be Verbally Abused”: Twitter, Trolls, and(En) Gendering Disciplinary Rhetoric. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), pp. 356-358.
  19. Corbridge, A. (n.d). Responding to Doxxing in Australia: Towards a Right to Informational Self-Determination. University of South Australia. https://ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/uslr/article/download/1489/924.
  20. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), pp. 139-167.
  21.  Cripps, J., & Stermac, L. (2018). Cyber-Sexual Violence and Negative Emotional States among Women in a Canadian University. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 12(1), pp. 171-186. https://www.cybercrimejournal.com/Cripps&StermacVol12Issue1IJCC2018.pdf.
  22. Davis, A.N. (2015). Intersectionality and International Law: Recognizing Complex Identities on the Global Stage. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 28, pp. 205-242. 
  23. Devika, J., et al. (2019). Walking on Eggshells: A Study on Gender Justice and Women's Struggles in Malayali Cyberspace. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1618/Kerala-Report_Righting-Gender-Norms.pdf 
  24. Douglas, D.M. (2016). Doxxing: A Conceptual Analysis. Ethics and Informational Technology, 18, p. 199. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-016-9406-0.pdf.
  25. Dunn, S., & Petricone-Westwood, A. (2018). More than ‘Revenge Porn’ Civil Remedies for the Non-consensual Distribution of Intimate Images. 38th Annual Civil Litigation Conference. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3772050 .
  26. Eckert, S., & Metzger-Riftkin, J. (2020). Doxxing, Privacy and Gendered Harassment. M&K Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft. https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/1615-634X-2020-3-273.pdf.
  27. Felmlee, D., Inara Rodis, P., & Zhang, A. (2020). Sexist Slurs: Reinforcing Feminine Stereotypes Online. Sex Roles, 83, pp. 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01095-z
  28. Formichella, J.K. (2017). A Reckless Guessing Game: Online Threats against Women in the Aftermath of Elonis v. United States. Seton Hall University. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151527692.pdf.
  29. Galpin, C. (2022). At the Digital Margins? A Theoretical Examination of Social Media Engagement Using Intersectional Feminism. Politics and Governance, 10(1), pp. 161-171.
  30.  Gillespie, A.A. (2008). “Up-Skirts’’ and ‘‘Down-Blouses’’: Voyeurism and the Law. Criminal Law Review, n/a, pp. 370-382. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9663206.pdf .
  31. Haokip, T. (2021). From ‘Chinky’ to ‘Coronavirus’: Racism against Northeast Indians during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Asian Ethnicity, 22(2), pp. 353-373.
  32. Kapur, R., & Cossman, B. (1996). Subversive Sites: Feminist Engagement with Law in India. Sage Publications.
  33. Kimble, M.R. (2016). Online Gendered Harassment and Violence Naming the Harm and Punishing the Behavior. University of Michigan. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/134723/madeleik.pdf?sequence=1.
  34. Kurian, A. (2017). Decolonizing the Body: Theoretical Imaginings on the Fourth Wave Feminism in India In Kurian, A. & Jha, S. (Ed.), New Feminisms in South Asia : Disrupting the Discourse through Social Media, Film, and Literature. (pp. 15-41). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  35. Lamensch, M. (2022). Women Activists Lead the Struggle against Online Gender-Based Violence Worldwide. Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/articles/women-activists-lead-the-struggle-against-online-gender-based-violence-worldwide/
  36. Mantilla, K. (2013). Gendertrolling: Misogyny Adapts to New Media. Feminist studies, 39(2), pp. 563-570. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/831729/summary
  37. Massanari, A. (2015). #Gamergate and TheFappening: How Reddit’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures. New Media and Society, 19(3). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283848479_Gamergate_and_The_Fappening_How_Reddit%27s_algorithm_governance_and_culture_support_toxic_technocultures.
  38. Megarry, J. (2014). Online Incivility or Sexual Harassment? Conceptualising Women’s Experiences in the Digital Age. Women’s Studies International Forum, 47, pp. 46–55. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264980169_Online_incivility_or_sexual_harassment_Conceptualising_women%27s_experiences_in_the_digital_age.
  39. Megarry, J. (2017). Under the Watchful Eyes of Men: Theorising the Implications of Male Surveillance Practices for Feminist Activism on Social Media. Feminist Media Studies, 18(2), pp. 1-16.
  40. Menon, N. (2015). “Is Feminism about “Women”? A Critical View on Intersectionality from India. Economic and Political Weekly, 50(17), pp. 37–44.
  41. Mital, A. (2023). Moderating Bodies: Reproducing Systems of Power through Platform Policies. In Avantika, T., and Amshuman, D. (Eds.), Feminist Perspectives on Social Media Governance. (pp. 55). IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/2291/ITFC_Feminist%20Perspectives%20on%20Social%20Media%20Governance_0.pdf
  42. Nissenbaum, H. (2004). Privacy as Contextual Integrity. Washington Review, 79(1). https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol79/iss1/10.
  43. Panwar, K., & Sihag, V. K. (2020). Changing forms of Cyber Violence against Women and Girls. The Indian Police Journal, 111. p. 116. https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/202104200330035982091ipj1.pdf#page=117.
  44. Parekh, B. (2012). The Content and Context of Hate Speech Rethinking Regulation and Responses. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/content-and-context-of-hate-speech/is-there-a-case-for-banning-hate-speech/F4C4B6AA81DFF40234B75D4ED7399A44
  45. Rajani, N. (2022). “I Bet You Don’t Get What We Get”: An Intersectional Analysis of Technology-Facilitated Violence Experienced by Racialised Women Anti-Violence Online Activists in Canada. Canadian Journal of Law and Technology, 19(2), pp. 217-247. https://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1274&context=cjlt.
  46.  Ruppert, U., Scheiterbauer, T., & Lutz, H. (2020). Feminisms of the Global South: Critical Thinking and Collective Struggles: An Introduction. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 27(4), pp. 329–332.
  47. Salim, M. (2021). How Women from Marginalised Communities Navigate Online Gendered Hate and Violence. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1883/Mariya-Salim-Rethinking-Legal-Institutional-Approaches-To-Sexist-Hate-Speech-ITfC-IT-for-Change.pdf.
  48. Sambashivam, N., et al. (2019). “They Don’t Leave Us Alone Anywhere We Go”: Gender and Digital Abuse in South Asia, pp. 7-8. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3290605.3300232.
  49. Schapiro, Z. (2020). Deepfakes Accountability Act: Overbroad and Ineffective. Boston College Intellectual Property and Technology Forum. https://lira.bc.edu/work/ns/73aa6d56-3d4b-4176-bf20-446281904b04
  50. Sen, R. (2014). Mapping Women’s Activism in India: Resistances, Reforms and (Re)-Creation In Leela Fernandes (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Gender in South Asia (pp. 380-393). Routledge.
  51. Spitzberg, B., & Hoobler, G. (2019). Cyberstalking and the Technologies of Interpersonal Terrorism. New Media & Society, 4(1). https://lasdisidentes.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/cyberstalking-nms02.pdf.
  52. Subramanian, S. (2015). From the Streets to the Web: Looking at Feminist Activism on Social Media. Economic and  Political Weekly, 50(17), pp. 71-78.
  53. Suler, J. (2004). The Online Disinhibition Effect. Cyber Psychology & Behaviour, 7(3). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8451443_The_Online_Disinhibition_Effect.
  54. Travers, A. (2003). Parallel Subaltern Feminist Counterpublics in Cyberspace. Sociological Perspectives, 46(2), pp. 223-37.
  55. Van der Aa, S. (2017). New Trends in the Criminalization of Stalking in the EU Member States. Eur J Crim Policy Res, 24, pp. 315–333. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10610-017-9359-9.pdf.
  56. Varjas, K., Meyers, J., & Kiperman, S. (2013). Technology Hurts? Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth Perspectives of Technology and Cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 12(1), pp. 27-44.
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EU Documents

  1. Commission Puts Forward a Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles for Everyone in the EU. (2022). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_452
  2. Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (CETS No. 210). (2014). Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=210
  3. Declaration on European Digital Rights and Principles. (2022). European Commission. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/696189/EPRS_BRI(2021)696189_EN.pdf
  4. GREVIO General Recommendation No. 1 on the Digital Dimension of Violence against Women, General Recommendation 1. (2021). Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/grevio-rec-no-on-digital-violence-against-women/1680a49147
  5. Internet Content and Equality between Men and Women. (n.d.). Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/internet-and-equality

UN Documents

  1. Accelerating Efforts to Eliminate Violence against Women and Girls: Preventing and Responding to Violence against Women and Girls in Digital Contexts: Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council. (2018). UN Human Rights Council. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1640463?ln=en
  2. Declaration on European Digital Rights and Principles. (2022). The EU Digital Decade: A New Set of Digital Targets for 2030. European Commission. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/696189/EPRS_BRI(2021)696189_EN.pdf
  3. Due Diligence Project. (2016). Eliminating Online VIolence against Women and Engendering Digital Equality. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/GenderDigital/DueDiligenceProject.pdf.
  4. Freedom of Opinion and Expression: Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council. (2020). United Human Rights Council. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3877197?ln=en
  5. International Mechanisms For Promoting Freedom Of Expression.(2002). Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and the Internet. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/8/f/39838.pdf.
  6. Internet Rights and Principles Coalition. (2014). The Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Opinion/Communications/InternetPrinciplesAndRightsCoalition.pdf
  7. OHCHR. (2010). Understanding Women’s Access to Justice: A Briefer on Women’s Access to Justice. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/AccesstoJustice/WomensLegalAndHumanRightsBureau.pdf.
  8. OHCHR. Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. (1985). Principle 4. General Assembly resolution 40/34. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-basic-principles-justice-victims-crime-and-abuse
  9. Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council. A/HRC/RES/43/4. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G20/157/91/PDF/G2015791.pdf?OpenElement
  10. Sustainable Development Goals. (n.d.). Goal 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls. United Nations. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/
  11. The Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet: Resolution. (2021). Human Rights Council. A/HRC/RES/47/16. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3937534?ln=en
  12. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination aginst Women (CEDAW). (1992). CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19: Violence against Women. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/committee.htm
  13. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2018). The Impact of Online Violence on Women Human Rights Defenders and Women’s Organisations. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2018/06/impact-online-violence-women-human-rights-defenders-and-womens-organisations
  14. United Nations Development Program. (2004). Access to Justice Practice Note. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/Justice_PN_En.pdf
  15. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). Obstacles to cybercrime investigations. https://www.unodc.org/e4j/zh/cybercrime/module-5/key-issues/obstacles-to-cybercrime-investigations.html

Statutes

  1. Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act, 2009. (Philippines).
  2. Canadian Criminal Code R.S.C., 1985. (Canada).
  3. Catfishing Liability Act of 2016. (United States).
  4. Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46). (Canada).
  5. Criminal Consolidation Act, 1935. (South Australia).
  6. DEEP FAKES Accountability Act of 2019. (United States).
  7. Discrimination Act, 2008. (Sweden).
  8. Indian Penal Code, 1860. (India).
  9. Indian Penal Code, 1860. (India).
  10. Information Technology Act, 2000. (India).
  11. IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code), 2021. (India).
  12. Online Safety Bill, 2021. (United Kingdom).
  13. Online Safety Modernization Act of 2017. H.R.3067. (United States).
  14. Penal Code 1871. (Singapore).
  15. Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000. (South Africa).
  16. Proposed Digital India Act, 2023. (India).
  17. Protection from Harassment Act, 1997. (United Kingdom).
  18. Protection from Harassment Act, 2011. (South Africa).
  19. Sexual Offences Act, 2003. (United Kingdom).
  20. Sexual Offences  Act, 2009. (Scotland).
  21. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
  22. The 2011 Act On Special Cases Concerning The Punishment Of Sexual Crimes. (South Korea).
  23. The California Penal Code, 1872. (United States).
  24. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872. (India).
  25. The Intimate Images Protection Act, 2016. (Canada).
  26. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. (India).
  27. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. (India).
  28. U.S. Code: Title 18 U.S.C § 875 (c). (United States).
  29. Unauthorised Distribution of Intimate Images and Protection Against Cyber-bullying Act, 2017. (India).
  30.  Unauthorised Distribution of Intimate Images and Protection against Cyber-Bullying Act, 2017. (India).
  31.  Video Voyeurism Prevention Act, 2004. (United States).

Books

  1. Clough, J. (2015). Principles of Cybercrime || Voyeurism. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/principles-of-cybercrime/voyeurism/BB3053EDC104AD7925A8AD7E0F1D2B89
  2. K.N.Chandrasekharan Pillai. (1980). R.V. Kelkar’s Lectures on Criminal Procedure including Probation and Juvenile Justice. Eastern Book Company.
  3. Matsuda, M.J., et al. (eds). (1993). Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment. Westview Press. https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/287/
  4. Rabel, C. (1978). Access to Justice Vol 1: A World Survey. Giuffre-sijthoff And Noordhoff.
  5. Satish, M. (2016). Discretion, Discrimination and the Rule of Law: Reforming Rape Sentencing in India. Cambridge University Press.
  6. Wright, B., & Wing-Cheong, C. (2016). Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code: The Legacies and Modern Challenges of Criminal Law Reform. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Codification-Macaulay-and-the-Indian-Penal-Code-The-Legacies-and-Modern/Wright-Chan/p/book/9781138255890

Reports

  1. Devika, J., et al. (2019). Walking on Eggshells: A Study on Gender Justice and Women's Struggles in Malayali Cyberspace. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1618/Kerala-Report_Righting-Gender-Norms.pdf
  2. Douglas, M. (2016). Doxxing: A Conceptual Analysis. Ethics Inf Technol, 18, pp. 199–210. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-016-9406-0.pdf.
  3. EuroCentralasian Lesbian Community. (2021). Lesophobia An Intersectional Form of Violence. https://europeanlesbianconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Lesbophobia-2.pdf
  4. Gurumurthy, A., & Dasarathy, A. (2022). Profitable Provocations. A Study of Abuse and Misogynistic Trolling on Twitter Directed at Indian Women in Public-political Life, p.12. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/2132/ITfC-Twitter-Report-Profitable-Provocations.pdf
  5. Gurumurthy, A et al. (2019). Born Digital, Born Free?: A Socio-Legal Study on Young Women’s Experiences of Online Violence in South India, pp. 23-26. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1662/Born-Digital_Born-Free_SynthesisReport.pdf
  6. Law Commission of India. (2017). Hate Speech, p.49. Report No.267. https://www.latestlaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Law-Commission-Report-No.-267-Hate-Speech.pdf 
  7. Malimath, V.S. (Eds). (2003). Report (Volume 1) of the Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/criminal_justice_system.pdf .
  8. Maple, C. (n.d.). The Impact of Cyberstalking: Review and Analysis of the ECHO Pilot Project. National Centre for Cyberstalking Research, UK Government. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97817/impact-of-cyberstalking.pdf.
  9. National Crime Records Bureau. (2021). Crime in India 2020 - Volume II. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202020%20Volume%202.pdf.
  10. OHCHR. (2021). Gender Justice and Freedom of Expression - Report of Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Opinion and Expression. A/76/258. United Nations. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a76258-gender-justice-and-freedom-expression-report-special-rapporteur
  11. Posetti, J., Shabbir, N., Maynard, D., Bontcheva, K., & Aboulez, N. (2021). The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence against Women Journalists. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377223/PDF/377223eng.pdf.multi.
  12. Raghavan, A. (2021). The Internet-Enabled Assault on Women’s Democratic Rights and Freedoms, pp. 9-13. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1738/The-internet-enabled-assault-on-womens-dem-rights-arti-raghavan-dec-21.pdf.
  13. Rajkumar, M., & Sen, S. (2022). The Indian Judiciary's Tryst with Online Gender-Based Violence: An Empirical Analysis of Indian Cases (Draft Report), pp. 87-88. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/2190/ITfC-Draft-Case-Law-Research-Report_1.pdf.
  14. UN Women. (2020). Online Violence against Women in Asia: A Multicountry Study. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20ESEAsia/Docs/Publications/2020/12/ap-ICT-VAWG-report-7Dec20.pdf
  15. US Attorney General. (1999). Report On Cyberstalking: A New Challenge For Law Enforcement And Industry. https://webharvest.gov/peth04/20041022072652/http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/cyberstalking.htm.

Online Sources

a. Online Publications

  1. IT for Change. (2023). Response from IT for Change to the 'UNESCO Guidance for Regulating Digital Platforms: A Multistakeholder Approach'. https://itforchange.net/response-from-it-for-change-to-unesco-guidance-for-regulating-digital-platforms-a-multistakeholder
  2. Nappinai, N. S. (2017). Tackling Women's Digital Freedoms and Unfreedoms Online - Through Law & Technology. IT for Change. https://projects.itforchange.net/e-vaw/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/OPinion-piece-II.pdf.
  3. Neris, N., Ruiz, J. P., & Valente, M.G. (2018). Fighting the Dissemination of Non-Consensual Intimate Images: A Comparative Analysis. Internet Lab. http://www.internetlab.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Fighting_the_Dissemination_of_Non.pdf
  4. Raghavan, A. (2021). The Internet-Enabled Assault on Women’s Democratic Rights and Freedoms. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1738/The-internet-enabled-assault-on-womens-dem-rights-arti-raghavan-dec-21.pdf
  5. Sinha, A. (2020). Beyond Public Squares, Dumb Conduits, and Gatekeepers: The Need for a New Legal Metaphor for Social Media. IT for Change. https://projects.itforchange.net/digital-new-deal/2020/11/01/beyond-public-squares-dumb-conduits-and-gatekeepers-the-need-for-a-new-legal-metaphor-for-social-media/

b. Government Websites

  1. Communication for Governance and Accountability Program. (n.d.). The Public Sphere. UK Government Publishing Service. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b45e5274a27b2000a69/PubSphereweb.pdf
  2. Council of Europe. (n.d). Sex and Gender. https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/sex-and-gender
  3. CPS. (2022). Social Media and other Electronic Communications. UK Government. https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/social-media-guidelines-prosecuting-cases-involving-communications-sent-social-media

c. Blogs

  1. Sekhri, A. (2020). The Supreme Court, 65-B Certificates, and Electronic Evidence. The Proof of Guilt. https://theproofofguilt.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-supreme-court-65-b-certificates-and.html
  2. Allen, A. (2022). An Intersectional Lens on Online Gender-Based Violence and the Digital Services Act. VerfBlog. https://verfassungsblog.de/dsa-intersectional/
  3. Balaji, J., & Dhawan, P. (2021). Intersectionality Matters: The Supreme Court Judgment in Patan Jamal Vali v. State of Andhra Pradesh. Centre for Law and Policy Research. https://clpr.org.in/blog/intersectionality-matters-the-supreme-court-judgment-in-patan-jamal-vali-v-state-of-andhra-pradesh/
  4. Bhandari, V., & Kovacs, A. (2021). What’s Sex Got to Do with It? Mapping the Impact of Questions of Gender and Sexuality on the Evolution of the Digital Rights Landscape in India. Internet Democracy Project. https://internetdemocracy.in/reports/whats-sex-got-to-do-with-it-mapping-the-impact-of-questions-of-gender-and-sexuality-on-the-evolution-of-the-digital-rights-landscape-in-india.
  5. de Souza, N. (2020). The Nth Room Case and Modern Slavery in the Digital Space. The Interpreter. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/nth-room-case-and-modern-slavery-digital-space.
  6. Privacy International. (2015). International Women's Day: How Surveillance is Used to Assert Control. https://privacyinternational.org/news-analysis/1483/international-womens-day-how-surveillance-used-assert-control
  7. Jens, K. (2015). Looking for Evidence of Gender Inequality in Sexual Harassment on Twitter. GenderITOrg. https://www.genderit.org/resources/looking-evidence- .
  8. Jha, B. (2020). What’s So Private About Online Sexual Harassment? Bot Populi. https://botpopuli.net/whats-so-private-about-online-sexual-harassment/
  9. Kovacs, A. (2013). Don’t Let it Stand!’ An Exploratory Study of Women and Verbal Online Abuse in India. Internet Democracy Project. https://internetdemocracy.in/reports/women-and-verbal-online-abuse-in-india
  10. Lee, E. (2022). The Nth Rooms and the Ungovernable Digital Bodies. Bot Populi. https://botpopuli.net/the-nth-rooms-and-the-ungovernable-digital-bodies.
  11. Maddocks, S. (2019). "Revenge Porn": 5 Important Reasons Why We Should Not Call it by that Name. GenderIT.Org. https://www.genderit.org/articles/5-important-reasons-why-we-should-not-call-it-revenge-porn.
  12. Mehta, A., Sreenivas, A., & Ghosh, S. Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872: Requirements for admissibility of electronic evidence revisited by the Supreme Court. Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas. https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2020/07/section-65b-of-the-indian-evidence-act-1872-requirements-for-admissibility-of-electronic-evidence-revisited-by-the-supreme-court/ .
  13.  Munusamy, K. (2018). Intersection of Identities: Online Gender and Caste Based Violence. InDepth. https://www.genderit.org/articles/intersection-identities-online-gender-and-caste-based-violence
  14. Pasricha, J. (2016). “Violence” Online in India: Cybercrimes against Women and Minorities in India on Social Media. Feminism in India. https://feminisminindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Cyberviolence-Against-Women-in-India_Research-Report_FII.pdf.
  15. Salve, P. (2020). What's Slowing Down India's Fast-Track Courts. IndiaSpend. https://www.indiaspend.com/police-judicial-reforms/whats-slowing-down-indias-fast-track-courts-700397.
  16. Sarogi, A. (2021). Identity and Evidence- An Intersectional Perspective. Supreme Court Observer. https://www.scobserver.in/journal/identity-and-evidence-an-intersectional-perspective/
  17. Sinha, H., Hickok, E., Tiwari, U., & Basu, A. (2018). Cross-Border Data Sharing and India: A study in Processes, Content and Capacity. Centre for Internet and Society. https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cross-border-data-sharing-and-india-a-study-in-processes-content-and-capacity.
  18. Chakraborty, S. (n.d.). Relevance of Charge Sheet under Code of Criminal Procedure. Indian Institute of Legal Studies. https://www.iilsindia.com/blogs/relevance-charge-sheet-code-criminal-procedure/.
  19.  Suryanarayan, D. (2018). How the Judicial System has Failed the Women of India. Femina. https://www.femina.in/campaigns/trials-often-prolong-the-trauma-of-rape-survivors-85826.html.
  20.  Tewari, A. (2017). My Modesty Is Not Outraged, I Am! Patriarchy In The Language Of Law.  Feminism in India. https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/28/modesty-outraged-patriarchy-law/.
  21. WomanStats. (2021). “Doxxing” And Online Threats: Why Women are More Vulnerable to Internet Harassment. https://womanstats.wordpress.com/2021/03/22/doxxing-and-online-threats-why-women-are-more-vulnerable-to-internet-harassment/.

d. Other Websites

  1. African Commission on Human and People’s Rights. (n.d.). Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information. https://achpr.au.int/en/mechanisms/special-rapporteur-freedom-expression-and-access-information
  2. UNFPA. (n.d). A New Copyright for the Human Body. https://www.unfpa.org/bodyright
  3. Equality and Human Rights Commission. (2021). Article 10 Protects Your Right to Hold Your Own Opinions. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/human-rights-act/article-10-freedom-expression
  4. Di Meco, L., & Brechenmacher, S. (2020). Tackling Online Abuse and Disinformation Targeting Women in Politics. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/11/30/tackling-online-abuse-and-disinformation-targeting-women-in-politics-pub-83331.
  5. Association for Progressive Communications. (2016). Feminist Principles of the Internet.  https://feministinternet.org/en/principles
  6. Good, J. J. (n.d.). Benevolent Sexism. New York University. https://pages.nyu.edu/jackson/sex.and.gender/Readings/AmbivalentSexism-Sage17.pdf.
  7. Neal Davis. (n.d.). Texas Stalking & Cyberstalking Laws, Penalties & Defenses. https://www.nealdavislaw.com/criminal-defense-guides/texas-stalking-laws.html
  8. Organization of American States. (n.d.). Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression. https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/
  9. Sensity. (2010). Deepfake Detection For Forensic Analysis. https://sensity.ai/blog/deepfake-detection/deepfake-detection-forensic-analysis/.
  10. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. (n.d.). Reliving the Past. United Nations. https://www.icty.org/en/features/crimes-sexual-violence/reliving-past.
  11. The Rape Abuse and Incest National Network. (n.d.). What to Expect at a Criminal Trial. https://www.rainn.org/articles/what-expect-criminal-trial.
  12. UN Women. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions: Tech-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence. https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/faqs/tech-facilitated-gender-based-violence
  13. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Gender and Health. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/gender-and-health

Public Statements

  1. The Network of Women in Media, India. (2023). NWMI Condemns Targeted Harassment of Dalit Writer and Activist Shalin Maria Lawrence. https://nwmindia.org/statements/nwmi-condemns-targeted-harassment-of-dalit-writer-and-activist-shalin-maria-lawrence/
  2.  The Network of Women in Media, India. (2021). Stop Online Abuse of Writer-Activist Meena Kandasamy. https://nwmindia.org/statements/stop-online-abuse-of-writer-activist-meena-kandasamy/

News Articles

  1. A.K., A. (2017). SC Stays Bail Granted to Former Jindal Students in Rape Case. Bar and Bench. https://www.barandbench.com/news/sc-bail-jindal-students-rape
  2. Amnesty International. (2017). Amnesty Reveals Alarming Impact of Online Abuse against Women. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2017/11/amnesty-reveals-alarming-impact-of-online-abuse-against-women/
  3. Anthonio, F. (2022). Why Internet Shutdowns are Even Worse for Women. Access Now. https://www.accessnow.org/internet-shutdowns-international-womens-day/
  4. Ayubb, R. (2018). I Was The Victim Of A Deepfake Porn Plot Intended To Silence Me. Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/deepfake-porn_uk_5bf2c126e4b0f32bd58ba316.
  5. Barik, S. (2022). New IT Act Looks to Rein In ‘Deliberate’ Misinformation. Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/new-it-act-looks-to-rein-in-deliberate-misinformation-8027748/
  6. Barthwal, A., & Shukla, S. (2022). ‘Bulli Bai’ and the Gendered Layers of the Objectification of Muslim Women. Feminism In India. https://feminisminindia.com/2022/01/24/bulli-bai-and-the-gendered-layers-of-the-objectification-of-muslim-women/
  7. Bhandara, V. (2017). Raya Sarkar's List of Academic 'Predators' is the Disruptor we Needed in Sexual Harassment Discourse. Firstpost.  https://www.firstpost.com/india/raya-sarkars-list-of-academic-predators-is-the-disruptor-we-needed-in-sexual-harassment-discourse-4179573.html
  8. Bhandari, A. (2021). Feminist Perspectives on Space, Safety and Surveillance: Improving a Woman’s Right to the City. The Wire. https://thewire.in/women/feminist-perspectives-on-space-safety-and-surveillance-improving-a-womans-right-to-the-city
  9.  Carey, L. (2022). A Gift and a Curse: Social Media Serves as a Channel for Reproductive Justice Advocacy. Daily Northwestern. https://dailynorthwestern.com/2022/05/13/city/a-gift-and-a-curse-social-media-serves-as-channel-for-reproductive-justice-advocacy/
  10. Dubey, B.(2021). Voyeurism in India: How to Combat. Live Law. https://www.livelaw.in/columns/cyber-voyeurism-information-technologyit-act-indian-penal-codeipc-175031?from-login=720248 .
  11. Health, A.  (2021). Meta Opens Up Access to its VR Social Platform Horizon Worlds. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/9/22825139/meta-horizon-worlds-access-open-metaverse
  12.  J., Sadhana, N. (2020). A Racist India & How its Racism is Different for North-Eastern Women. Feminism In India. https://feminisminindia.com/2020/06/08/racist-india-racism-different-north-eastern-women/
  13. Johari, A. (2018). How Well do India’s Free Legal Aid Services Work? Not Nearly Well Enough. Scroll.in. https://scroll.in/article/877225/how-well-do-indias-free-legal-aid-services-work-not-nearly-well-enough
  14. Kasturi, S. (2022). As Bulli Bai Creators Get Bail, The Risks of Normalising Violence Against Women. The Wire. https://thewire.in/women/bulli-bai-app-creators-bail-women-violence-online.
  15.  Klose, H., & Sarkar, S. (2022). Online Abuse against Women is Rife, but Some Women Suffer More – And We Need to Step Up for Them. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/online-abuse-against-women-is-rife-but-some-women-suffer-more-and-we-need-to-step-up-for-them-183646.
  16.  Krishnan, K (2015). St Stephen's Sexual Harassment Case Reveals How DU Can Ruin a Student. DailyO. https://www.dailyo.in/politics/st-stephens-college-sexual-harassment-phd-student-valson-thampu-4752
  17. Walsh, M.J., & Baker, S.A. (2021). Twitter’s Design Stokes Hostility and Controversy. Here’s Why, and How it might Change. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/twitters-design-stokes-hostility-and-controversy-heres-why-and-how-it-might-change-166555.
  18. The Wire Staff. (2018). M.J. Akbar Files for Defamation, Won't Be Intimidated Says Priya Ramani. The Wire. https://thewire.in/women/metoo-mj-akbar-priya-ramani-defamation.
  19. Mathi, S. (2022). Data Protection Bill Legitimizes Surveillance, Govt has No Intent of Reforms: Stakeholders. Medianama. https://www.medianama.com/2022/12/223-dpdp-bill-2022-enables-govt-surveillance-discussion/
  20. Menon, V. (n.d.). Revisiting Victim Compensation in India. Manupatra. http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/6F5E12E5-2A56-49A9-BF1B-CBE1DF4F8726.2-F__criminal.pdf
  21. Nagaraj, A. (2020). India's Low-Caste Women Raped to Keep them 'in their Place'. Reuters.  https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rape-caste-idUSKBN28509J
  22. Naraharisetty, R. (2022). How the Law's Fixation on Women's Modesty Upholds Rape Culture. The Swaddle. https://theswaddle.com/how-the-laws-fixation-on-womens-modesty-upholds-rape-culture/
  23. Nelson, A. (Host). (2020). Voices of Resilience: Angellica Aribam on Online Harassment and Racism in times of COVID. [Audio Podcast]. Vital Voices Podcast. https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/voices-resilience-angellica-aribam-on-online-harassment/id281078806?i=1000470367155
  24. Nikore, M. (2021). India’s Gendered Digital Divide: How the Absence of Digital Access is Leaving Women Behind. ORF. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-gendered-digital-divide/
  25. HRW. (2020). No #MeToo for Women Like Us”: Poor Enforcement of India’s Sexual Harassment Law. https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/10/14/no-metoo-women-us/poor-enforcement-indias-sexual-harassment-law.
  26. Online Desk. (2023). Women's Group Calls out DMK and BJP Supporters' Harassment of Dalit Activist Shalin Maria Lawrence. The New Indian Express. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/14/womens-groupcalls-out-dmk-and-bjp-supporters-harassment-of-dalit-activist-shalin-maria-lawrence-2555996.html
  27. Poddar, R. (2021). Gender Stereotyping: Paternalism By Courts Erodes Trust in Judicial Institutions. The Wire. https://thewire.in/law/gender-stereotyping-paternalism-by-courts-erodes-trust-in-judicial-institutions.
  28. Roy, G. (2015). Padmavati Star Deepika Padukone Trolled for Saying We've 'Regressed'. NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/padmavati-star-deepika-padukone-trolled-for-saying-weve-regressed-1775402.
  29. Salim, M. (2022). ‘Bulli Bai’, 'Sulli Deals': On Being Put Up for ‘Auction’ as an Indian Muslim Woman. The Wire. https://thewire.in/communalism/indian-muslim-woman-auction-bulli-bai
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