A troll is “a person who intentionally antagonizes others online by posting inflammatory, irrelevant, or offensive comments or other disruptive content”, and online trolling is “the practice of behaving in a deceptive, destructive, or disruptive manner in a social setting on the Internet with no apparent instrumental purpose”. In many instances, trolling is carried out in an organized, purposeful, and targeted manner. In fact, the mechanics of trolling differ depending on the identity, power, and political position of those who troll and those being trolled.
Gender-based trolling or gender trolling is a specific category of trolling based on the gender identity of a person and is one of the most virulent forms of violence and abuse that women face online. Gender trolling could take the form of deliberately posting comments or messages, uploading images or videos, and creating memes or hashtags to annoy, harass, provoke, and incite violence against women and girls.
Gender trolling has some common features that make it a unique and particularly vicious form of online gender-based violence (OGBV). Firstly, gender trolling often involves a “concerted or coordinated effort on the part of many trolls, often in the dozens or even hundreds, who overwhelm the victim with the sheer quantity of attacks”. IT for Change’s study of misogynistic trolling on Twitter found this to be true, as multiple anonymous accounts simply retweeted one abusive tweet in reply to a tweet by the targeted woman, and/or copied and pasted the same abusive message multiple times. This kind of coordinated behavior is a strategy to use platform algorithms to amplify messages of hate.
Secondly, gender trolling is often characterized by the widespread use of pejorative terms against women. This was observed in our study too, as we found that trolls regularly use terms such as “prostitute”, “bitch”, “slut”, etc., to demean and attack women.
Thirdly, gender trolling tends to assume the form of significant and credible threats such as rape threat, death threat, threat of torture, doxxing, etc. But IT for Change’s study revealed that trolling in the nature of tongue-in-cheek jokes and remarks were far more common than those involving a threat.
Fourthly, the attacks happen in large numbers and over long periods of time, with the victim getting “several threats or messages per day or even per hour”.
Finally, a unique feature of gender trolling is that it nearly always occurs in response to women speaking out about some form of sexism, discussing politics, or challenging the establishment or social institutions. Our study found that while all women in the sample faced some amount of abuse on the internet, “those who were perceived to be ideologically left-leaning, dissenters, and women from opposition parties received a disproportionate amount of abusive and hateful messages”.
It is also pertinent to note that gender trolling takes on intersectional dimensions; the victim’s membership in marginalized communities not only exacerbates the attacks she faces (questioning a Dalit woman’s aukaat or social worth, something Dalit men also face), but also shifts the language and ideas deployed by trolls (using casteist slurs such as “chamar”, “bhangi”, “kameeni”, etc., which are derogatory terms used to refer to people from historically-oppressed castes and engaging in double objectification of indigenous women).
A few instances of gender trolling may be noted here:
- Three female Muslim students from Kerala were trolled online for their identity and dress when a video of them participating in a flash mob became viral on Facebook and Twitter. The girls were shamed and subjected to derogatory comments and memes, which quickly took on a religious angle.
- When actor Deepika Padukone, responding to the protests against the release of her movie Padmavat, said that the nation had “regressed”, she was severely attacked by trolls on Twitter and received numerous threats of violence.
These instances reveal the gendered and political nature of the abuse and harm unleashed through gender trolling.
Further, it is not only women who are public figures who are subjected to online trolling and vitriol. Women with fewer followers also receive hate from trolls, though these incidents are lesser known because of their lower public visibility.