Bibliography | Online Gender-based Violence Judicial Resource Guide

Treaties, Conventions, and Declarations

Case Laws

Ajay v. State of Maharashtra, MANU/MH/1198/2018, judgment dated 6 June 2007, Supreme Court of India, at para 10.
Amish Devgan v. Union of India and Ors. (2020), (2021) 1 SCC 1, judgment dated 7 December 2020, Supreme Court of India.
Anand Mohan v. State of Bihar, Crl. M. No. 35856 (2020), judgment dated 10 July 2012, Patna High Court.
Anita Kushwaha and Ors. v. Pushap Sudan and Ors. AIR 2016 SC 3506, order dated 19 July 2016, Supreme Court of India.
Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India, (2020) WP(C).No.1031 of 2019, judgment dated 10 January 2020, Supreme Court of India.
Anvar P.V. v. P.K Basheer and Ors, (2014) 1 SCC (LS) 108, judgment dated 18 September 2014, Supreme Court of India, at para 16.
Aparna Bhat v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (2021) 4 SCR 479, judgment dated 18 March 2021, Supreme Court of India.
Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal, (2020) 7 SCC 1, judgment dated 14 July 2021, Supreme Court of India.
Global Freedom of Expression. (2020). Bhasin v. Union of India. Columbia University. https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/bhasin-v-union-of-india/
Chandrakant S/o Nathusaheb Witkar v. State of Bombay Anticipatory Bail Application No.2004 of 2018, judgment dated 28 September 2018, Bombay High Court.
Elonis v. State 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2001 (2015), judgment dated 1 June 2015, Supreme Court of the United States of America.
Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala, (2020) WP(C).No.19716 of 2019(L), judgment dated 19 September 2019, Kerala High Court.
G. Logeshwaran v. State, Crl.O.P.No.7405 of 2017, judgment dated 6 December 2018, Madras High Court.
Guruvinder Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh. and Anr., (2021) SCC OnLine All 748, judgment dated 19 March 2021, Allahabad High Court.
Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, (1980) 1 SCC 81, judgment dated 9 March 1979, Supreme Court of India.
Imtiyaz Ahmad v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors. (2012) 2 SCC 688, judgment dated 2 January 2017, Supreme Court of India.
Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India, (1985) 2 S.C.R. 287.
In re: Prajwala (2015) SMW (Crl.) No(s).3/2015, MANU/SCOR/45933/2017, order dated 23 October 2017, Supreme Court of India.
Jaya Kodate v. Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, (2014) Writ Petition Nos. 3449, 3450 and 3451 of 2013, judgment dated 13 June 2014, Bombay High Court.
K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1.
Kalandi Charan Lenka v. State Of Odisha, BLAPL No.7596 of 2016, judgment dated 16 January 2017, Odisha High Court.
Kalandi Charan Lenka v. State of Orissa, BLAPL No.7596 of 2016, judgment dated 16 January 2017, Odisha High Court.
Kamil Siedczynski v. Union Of India And Another, W.P. No.4432(W) of 2020, judgment dated 18 March 2020, Calcutta High Court.
Karan and Others v. State of Haryana, (2017) CRA-D-653-DB-2017 (O&M), judgment dated 15 April 1947, Supreme Court of India.
Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh (2014) 2 SCC 1, judgment dated 12 November 2013, Supreme Court of India.
Lalit Bhola v. State Crl.M.C. 5266, judgment dated 12 October 2018, Delhi High Court, at para 5.
Lillu and Ors v. State of Haryana, (2013) CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1226 OF 2011, judgment dated 11 April 2013, Supreme Court of India.
Mallikarjun Kodagali (Dead) represented through Legal Representatives v. State of Karnataka and Ors., (2019) 2 SCC 752, judgment dated 12 October 2018, Supreme Court of India.
Mohammad Nasar v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (2020) Crl. P. No.3125, judgment dated 24 August 2020, Andhra Pradesh High Court.
Mohammed Ajmal Mohammad Amir Kasab and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra, (2012) 9 SCC 234, judgment dated 29 August 2012, Supreme Court of India.
Mrs. Rehana Begum v. The Inspector Of Police, Crl.O.P.No.6642 of 2021, judgment dated 5 August 2021, Madras High Court.
Mrs X v. Union of India, 2023:DHC:2806, judgment dated 26 April 2023, Delhi High Court.
Ms. Nimisha Bhagat v. Sneha Mahajan Nee Dogra @ Sneeha, (2020) CS No. 20/2020, judgment dated 13 February 2020, Delhi District Court.
NALSA v. Union of India, (2014) SCC 438, judgment dated 15 April 2014, Supreme Court of India.
P. Saravanakumar v. State Rep., (2013) Crl.O.P.No.232 of 2013, order dated 5 August 2013, Madras High Court.
P. Saravanakumar v. State rep. by its Inspector of Police, Cyber Cell, Central Crime Branch, Egmore, Chennai & Another, (2019) Crl.O.P.No.232 of 2013, order dated 5 August 2013, Madras High Court.
Phool Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (2022) 2 SCC 74, judgment dated 1 September 2021, Supreme Court of India, at para 5.
Pravasi Bhalai Sangathan v. Union of India (UOI) and Ors, (2014), AIR 2014 SC 1591 (2014), judgment dated 12 March 2014, Supreme Court of India.
Pravasi Bhalai Sangathan v. Union of India (UOI) and Ors, (2014) 11 SCC 477.
Rahul @ Mayank v. State, (2019) CRL. A. 587/2019, judgment dated 18 May 2020, Delhi High Court.
Rai Sandeep v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2012 ) 8 SCC 21, judgment dated 7 August 2012, Supreme Court of India, at para 22.
Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd v. Indian Express Newspapers, (1988) SCR Supl. (3) 212.
R V. Pan, (2012) ABPC 203, judgment dated 29 June 2001, Supreme Court of Canada.
Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India v. Cricket Association of Bengal, MANU/SC/0246/1995.
Shafhi Mohammed v. State of Himachal Pradesh (2018) 2 SCC 801, judgment dated 30 January 2018, Supreme Court of India.
Shemeer A. v. State of Kerala, Bail Application No. 4800 of 2020, judgment dated 7 August 2020, High Court of Kerala.
Shibani Barik v. State of Odisha, (2020) BLAPL NO. 915 of 2020.
Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) AIR 2015 SC 1523, judgment dated 24 March 2015, Supreme Court of India. Silajit Guha v. Sikkim University and Ors, WP(C) (2019) No. 30 of 2019, judgment dated 3 July 2021, Sikkim High Court.
Sneha Kalita v. Union Of India, (2017) WP(C).No. 943/2017, judgment dated 20 November 2017, Supreme Court of India.
Sri Rakesh B. v. State of Karnataka Crl. P. No. 2427, judgment dated 22 June 2020, Karnataka High Court.
State (Cyber Cell) v. Yogisha @ Yogesh Pandurang Prabhu, C. C. No. 3700686/PS/2009, judgment dated 3 July 2015, Addl Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, 37th Court Esplanade, Mumbai.
State by Mahadevapura Police Station Bengaluru v. Gowtham Ganesh @ Gowtham, (2021) C.C.No.3776/2019, judgment dated 7 April 2021, Bangalore District Court.
State by Sampigehalli Police Station, Bengaluru v. Faiz Ahamed C.C. No. 5392. (2012.), judgment dated 27 September 2016, Bangalore District Court.
State of Karnataka v. Sudeep or (Represented By The Learned App) v. For The Offences Punishable Under 1 C.C. 5747. (2021).
State of Punjab v. Gurmeet Singh (1996) 2 SCC 384, judgment dated 16 January 1996, Supreme Court of India.
State of Punjab v Major Singh, AIR 1967 SC, 6 judgment dated 28 April 1966, Supreme Court of India.
State of West Bengal v. Animesh Boxi, (2017) C.R.M. No. 11806, judgment dated 3 January 2018.
State v. Lalit Kumar, SC No. 140/14, judgment dated 20 June 2014, Uttarakhand High Court.
State v. Madachirayil Gopinathan Suni, (2018) CNR no. DLCT02-000212-2005, judgment dated 31 August 2018, Delhi District Court.
Subhranshu Rout @ Gugul v. State Of Odisha, (2020) BLAPL No.4592 OF 2020, judgment dated 23 November 2020, Orissa High Court.
Tajinder Pal Singh Bagga v. State of Karnataka and Ors, (2016), MANU/KA/1667/2016, judgment dated 14 July 2016, Karnataka High Court. para 22.
The Present Petition Has Been ... v. Unknown Crl. O.P. No.12604/2020, judgment dated 27 April 2021, Madras High Court.
Union of India v. Prafulla Kumar Samal, (1979) 3 SCC 4, judgment dated 6 November 1978, Supreme Court of India, at para 7.
Vasant Waman Pradhan v. Dattatraya Vihal Salvi, 2004 (1) MhLj 487, judgment dated 12 March 2003, Bombay High Court.
Vikas Dogra v. State Of Himachal Pradesh, (2015) Cr.M.P(M) No. 125 of 2015, judgment dated 5 February 2015, High Court of Himachal Pradesh.
Vikas Garg and Ors v. State Of Haryana, (2016) CWP No. 5910, judgment dated 13 September 2017, Punjab and Haryana High Court.
Vikram v. State of Madhya Pradesh MCRC-23350-2020, judgment dated 30 July 2020, High Court of Madhya Pradesh.
Vishaka & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan & Ors (1997) (6 SCC 241), judgment dated 13 August 1997.
X v. HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=IQ6K5Z3ZYS0, CS(OS) 392/2021, I.As.10543/2021, 10544/2021, 10545/2021 & 10546/202, order dated 23 August 2021, High Court of Delhi.
X v. Union Of India And Ors, W.P.(Crl) 1082 (2020) & Crl.M.A. Nos. 9485. (2020) 10986-87. (2020), judgment dated 20 April 2021, Supreme Court of India, at para 8.
X vs. State of Karnataka, Criminal Appeal No. 1981 OF 2022, judgment dated 17 November 2022, Supreme Court of India.

Journal Articles and Research Papers

Abreu, R.L., & Kenny M.C. (2017). Cyberbullying and LGBTQ Youth: A Systematic Literature Review and Recommendations for Prevention and Intervention. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 11, pp. 81-97.
Agnes, F. (1992). Protecting Women against Violence? Review of a Decade of Legislation. Economic and Political Weekly, 27(17), pp. 19-33.
AISET. (2021). Cyber Violence against Women and Girls (CVAWG), the Algorithms of the Online-Offline Continuum of Gender Discrimination. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3953292
Ajmani, N. (2011). Rethinking the Rangel Standard in the Age of the Internet. Cyberstalking and Free Speech. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/11760/Ajmani.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Aktor, M. (2002). Rules of Untouchability in Ancient and Medieval Law Books: House-Holders, Competence, and Inauspiciousness. International Journal of Hindu Studies, 6(3), pp. 243–274.
Allen, A. L. (1991). How Privacy Got its Gender. University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2309&context=faculty_scholarship.
Anderson, B., & Wood, M. A. (2021). Doxxing: A Scoping Review and Typology. The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211015/full/html.
Bailey, J., Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2021). Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse: International Perspectives and Experiences In The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse, pp. 1-17. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Banerjee, S., & Ghosh, N. (2018). Introduction. Debating Intersectionalities: Challenges for a Methodological Framework. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal [Preprint], (19). doi:10.4000/samaj.4745.
Bansal, V., et.al. (2023). A Scoping Review of Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Across Asia. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231154614 .
Barak, A. (2005). Sexual Harassment on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), pp. 77–92. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894439304271540
Barboni, G., Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Troyer Moore, C. (2018). A Tough Call: Understanding Barriers to and Impacts of Women’s Mobile Phone Adoption in India. Harvard Kennedy School Evidence for Policy Design. https://epod.cid.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/2018-10/A_Tough_Call.pdf
Barker, K., & Jurasz, O. (2019). Online Misogyny a Challenge for Digital Feminism? Journal of International Affairs, 72(2), pp. 95-114.
Basu, T. (2021). The Metaverse has a Groping Problem Already. Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/12/16/1042516/the-metaverse-has-a-groping-problem/;
Brophy, J. E. (2010). Developing a Corporeal Cyberfeminism: Beyond Cyberutopia. New Media & Society, 12(6), pp. 929–945. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809350901.
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls Just Want to Have Fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, pp. 97-102.
Chauhan, S. S. (2021). Cyber Violence against Women and Girls (CVAWG), The Algorithms of the Online-Offline Continuum of Gender Discrimination. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(2), p. 87. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3953292.
Cole, K. K. (2015). “It’s Like She's Eager to be Verbally Abused”: Twitter, Trolls, and(En) Gendering Disciplinary Rhetoric. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), pp. 356-358.
Corbridge, A. (n.d). Responding to Doxxing in Australia: Towards a Right to Informational Self-Determination. University of South Australia. https://ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/uslr/article/download/1489/924.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), pp. 139-167.
Cripps, J., & Stermac, L. (2018). Cyber-Sexual Violence and Negative Emotional States among Women in a Canadian University. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 12(1), pp. 171-186. https://www.cybercrimejournal.com/Cripps&StermacVol12Issue1IJCC2018.pdf.
Davis, A.N. (2015). Intersectionality and International Law: Recognizing Complex Identities on the Global Stage. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 28, pp. 205-242.
Devika, J., et al. (2019). Walking on Eggshells: A Study on Gender Justice and Women's Struggles in Malayali Cyberspace. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1618/Kerala-Report_Righting-Gender-Norms.pdf
Douglas, D.M. (2016). Doxxing: A Conceptual Analysis. Ethics and Informational Technology, 18, p. 199. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-016-9406-0.pdf.
Dunn, S., & Petricone-Westwood, A. (2018). More than ‘Revenge Porn’ Civil Remedies for the Non-consensual Distribution of Intimate Images. 38th Annual Civil Litigation Conference. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3772050 .
Eckert, S., & Metzger-Riftkin, J. (2020). Doxxing, Privacy and Gendered Harassment. M&K Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft. https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/1615-634X-2020-3-273.pdf.
Felmlee, D., Inara Rodis, P., & Zhang, A. (2020). Sexist Slurs: Reinforcing Feminine Stereotypes Online. Sex Roles, 83, pp. 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01095-z
Formichella, J.K. (2017). A Reckless Guessing Game: Online Threats against Women in the Aftermath of Elonis v. United States. Seton Hall University. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151527692.pdf.
Galpin, C. (2022). At the Digital Margins? A Theoretical Examination of Social Media Engagement Using Intersectional Feminism. Politics and Governance, 10(1), pp. 161-171.
Gillespie, A.A. (2008). “Up-Skirts’’ and ‘‘Down-Blouses’’: Voyeurism and the Law. Criminal Law Review, n/a, pp. 370-382. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9663206.pdf .
Haokip, T. (2021). From ‘Chinky’ to ‘Coronavirus’: Racism against Northeast Indians during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Asian Ethnicity, 22(2), pp. 353-373.
Kapur, R., & Cossman, B. (1996). Subversive Sites: Feminist Engagement with Law in India. Sage Publications.
Kimble, M.R. (2016). Online Gendered Harassment and Violence Naming the Harm and Punishing the Behavior. University of Michigan. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/134723/madeleik.pdf?sequence=1.
Kurian, A. (2017). Decolonizing the Body: Theoretical Imaginings on the Fourth Wave Feminism in India In Kurian, A. & Jha, S. (Ed.), New Feminisms in South Asia : Disrupting the Discourse through Social Media, Film, and Literature. (pp. 15-41). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Lamensch, M. (2022). Women Activists Lead the Struggle against Online Gender-Based Violence Worldwide. Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/articles/women-activists-lead-the-struggle-against-online-gender-based-violence-worldwide/
Mantilla, K. (2013). Gendertrolling: Misogyny Adapts to New Media. Feminist studies, 39(2), pp. 563-570. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/831729/summary
Massanari, A. (2015). #Gamergate and TheFappening: How Reddit’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures. New Media and Society, 19(3). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283848479_Gamergate_and_The_Fappening_How_Reddit%27s_algorithm_governance_and_culture_support_toxic_technocultures.
Megarry, J. (2014). Online Incivility or Sexual Harassment? Conceptualising Women’s Experiences in the Digital Age. Women’s Studies International Forum, 47, pp. 46–55. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264980169_Online_incivility_or_sexual_harassment_Conceptualising_women%27s_experiences_in_the_digital_age.
Megarry, J. (2017). Under the Watchful Eyes of Men: Theorising the Implications of Male Surveillance Practices for Feminist Activism on Social Media. Feminist Media Studies, 18(2), pp. 1-16.
Menon, N. (2015). “Is Feminism about “Women”? A Critical View on Intersectionality from India. Economic and Political Weekly, 50(17), pp. 37–44.
Mital, A. (2023). Moderating Bodies: Reproducing Systems of Power through Platform Policies. In Avantika, T., and Amshuman, D. (Eds.), Feminist Perspectives on Social Media Governance. (pp. 55). IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/2291/ITFC_Feminist%20Perspectives%20on%20Social%20Media%20Governance_0.pdf
Nissenbaum, H. (2004). Privacy as Contextual Integrity. Washington Review, 79(1). https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol79/iss1/10.
Panwar, K., & Sihag, V. K. (2020). Changing forms of Cyber Violence against Women and Girls. The Indian Police Journal, 111. p. 116. https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/202104200330035982091ipj1.pdf#page=117.
Parekh, B. (2012). The Content and Context of Hate Speech Rethinking Regulation and Responses. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/content-and-context-of-hate-speech/is-there-a-case-for-banning-hate-speech/F4C4B6AA81DFF40234B75D4ED7399A44
Rajani, N. (2022). “I Bet You Don’t Get What We Get”: An Intersectional Analysis of Technology-Facilitated Violence Experienced by Racialised Women Anti-Violence Online Activists in Canada. Canadian Journal of Law and Technology, 19(2), pp. 217-247. https://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1274&context=cjlt.
Ruppert, U., Scheiterbauer, T., & Lutz, H. (2020). Feminisms of the Global South: Critical Thinking and Collective Struggles: An Introduction. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 27(4), pp. 329–332.
Salim, M. (2021). How Women from Marginalised Communities Navigate Online Gendered Hate and Violence. IT for Change. https://itforchange.net/sites/default/files/1883/Mariya-Salim-Rethinking-Legal-Institutional-Approaches-To-Sexist-Hate-Speech-ITfC-IT-for-Change.pdf.
Sambashivam, N., et al. (2019). “They Don’t Leave Us Alone Anywhere We Go”: Gender and Digital Abuse in South Asia, pp. 7-8. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3290605.3300232.
Schapiro, Z. (2020). Deepfakes Accountability Act: Overbroad and Ineffective. Boston College Intellectual Property and Technology Forum. https://lira.bc.edu/work/ns/73aa6d56-3d4b-4176-bf20-446281904b04
Sen, R. (2014). Mapping Women’s Activism in India: Resistances, Reforms and (Re)-Creation In Leela Fernandes (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Gender in South Asia (pp. 380-393). Routledge.
Spitzberg, B., & Hoobler, G. (2019). Cyberstalking and the Technologies of Interpersonal Terrorism. New Media & Society, 4(1). https://lasdisidentes.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/cyberstalking-nms02.pdf.
Subramanian, S. (2015). From the Streets to the Web: Looking at Feminist Activism on Social Media. Economic and Political Weekly, 50(17), pp. 71-78.
Suler, J. (2004). The Online Disinhibition Effect. Cyber Psychology & Behaviour, 7(3). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8451443_The_Online_Disinhibition_Effect.
Travers, A. (2003). Parallel Subaltern Feminist Counterpublics in Cyberspace. Sociological Perspectives, 46(2), pp. 223-37.
Van der Aa, S. (2017). New Trends in the Criminalization of Stalking in the EU Member States. Eur J Crim Policy Res, 24, pp. 315–333. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10610-017-9359-9.pdf.
Varjas, K., Meyers, J., & Kiperman, S. (2013). Technology Hurts? Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth Perspectives of Technology and Cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 12(1), pp. 27-44.
Vickery, J. (2018). This Isn’t New: Gender, Publics, and the Internet in Vickery, J., Everbach, T. (Ed.). In Mediating Misogyny, pp. 31-49. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

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